William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). Rowena Robinson, ed. Westerners put more stock in individual rights; Easterners in social responsibility. A Neo-Buddhist movement was founded by the influential Indian Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform. Christianity is then characterized as Hellenized Hebraism! [60] Notable philosophies that arose from Śramaṇic movement were Jainism, early Buddhism, Cārvāka, Ajñana, and Ājīvika. The Nyāya Sūtras was a very influential text in Indian philosophy, laying the foundations for classical Indian epistemological debates between the different philosophical schools. The ... of the early Christians combined features of the two traditions with some ideas of the Zoroastrians from Middle Eastern lands (Persia). Ross Terril 2003 p. 68. The German philosopher Martin Heidegger is even reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing. Social, cultural, and historical? [122], Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the Shangqing school during the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Lingbao school during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and the Quanzhen School which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the Yuan dynasty. Hengy Chye Kiang 1999. p.v44. Section 6. When the Communist Party of China took over the reign, previous schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism (except Legalism) were denounced as backward, and later purged during the violence of the Cultural Revolution which saw many Taoist and Buddhist temples and institutions destroyed. Life is suffering. Buddhism began arriving in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), through a gradual Silk road transmission and gradually developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/Zen). "Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. Yao, Xinzhong (2000). It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self (anatta) arguments. Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed. Roy Perrett (2007), Samkhya-Yoga Ethics, Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges (Editors: Purusottama Bilimoria et al), Volume 1. P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press. [28][29][30] Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the Arthashastra c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the Kama Sutra. Samkhya School of Indian Philosophy. It has been argued that the essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things, which are inseparable parts of a cosmic whole. The administrative thought of Mohism was later absorbed by Legalism, their ethics absorbed into Confucianism and its books were also merged into the Taoist canon, as Mohism all but disappeared as an independent school after the Qin dynasty era. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. 6, 7. Watsuji Tetsurô, a 20th-century Japanese philosopher attempted to combine the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Western philosophy, history of Western philosophy from its development among the ancient Greeks to the present.. cherish youthful vitality. Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. (1882). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with Chinese Buddhism, had a direct influence on the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere. New Confucianism is a traditionalist revival of Confucian thought in China beginning in the 20th-century Republican China which is also associated with New Conservatism. A History of Eastern Philosophy. In China, new developments were led by thinkers such as Xuangzang who authored new works on Yogacara, Zhiyi who founded the Tiantai school and developed a new theory of Madhyamaka and Guifeng Zongmi who wrote on Huayan and Zen. [9] Hindu thought also spread east to the Indonesian Srivijaya empire and the Cambodian Khmer Empire. Ancient Eastern Philosophy On the Ancient Wisdom of Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism & Confucianism The most important characteristic of the Eastern world view - one could almost say the essence of it - is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestations of a basic oneness. The attainment of immortality through external alchemy (waidan) and internal alchemy (neidan) was an important goal for many Taoists historically. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united "Hinduism." p. 15. Important Indian philosophical concepts include dharma, karma, samsara, moksha, and ahimsa. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was Yan Fu (1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Mill's On Liberty. To the Ancient Greeks, these fields were often one and the same. [121] Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity). [136] He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance. Chad Hansen, University of Hong Kong. Eastern students particularly view sheer effort as the primary way to do exceptionally well in school. [110] A key figure of this school was administrator and political philosopher Shen Buhai (c. 400–337 BCE). Very broadly speaking, according to some commentators, Western society strives to find and prove "the truth", while Eastern society accepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the balance. Thus, in the West, Philosophy is an expansive and ambiguous concept. Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass. Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (PDF) (1st ed.). between sixth and fourth centuries BCE) and is preserved in the early Buddhist texts. Swiss psychologist Carl Jung was deeply influenced by the I Ching (Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty (. The influence of Marxism on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of Mao Zedong, the most famous thinker of Chinese Marxist Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyaranya for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions. Philosophical Foundations. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world and is traditionally called Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way";[15][16][17] beyond human origins. Both western and eastern philosophy has lots of simliarities too. Heritage of Eastern Europe culture, social and economical factors. [98] Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the Theosophical society, modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture. [141], According to the British philosopher Victoria S. Harrison, the category of "Eastern philosophy", and similarly "Asian philosophy" and "Oriental philosophy" is a product of 19th-century Western scholarship and did not exist in East Asia or India. [87] The Dignāga (c. 480–540) school of Pramāṇa promoted a complex form of epistemology and Buddhist logic. [73] They believed the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools". Xuanxue ("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the Yijing, Daodejing, and Zhuangzi and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE. Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass. 185–188. Defoort, Carine. Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5. [42] Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can however be traced back to the period of the early Upanishads. Very broadly speaking, according to some commentators, Western society strives to find and prove "the truth", while Eastern society accepts the truth as given and is more interested in finding the balance. This means that the ideas of the Greeks (Hellenes, saviors of Helen of Troy) are placed over and combined with the ideas of the Hebrews. [37][38], Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive epistemological literature called Pramana-sastras.[39][40]. [31][32], Later developments include the development of Tantra and Iranian-Islamic influences. T… [132] The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny"[133] and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction".[133]. Another crucial area of comparison for eastern and western philosophy is innate morality. The Kural literature of c. 1st century BCE, written by the Tamil poet-philosopher Valluvar, is believed by many scholars to be based on Jain philosophies. It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. [45] Nyāya also traditionally defended a form of philosophical realism.[47]. This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools (Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism) as well as numerous less influential schools (Mohism, School of Names, School of Yin Yang). [57] Vedānta sees the Vedas, particularly the Upanishads, as a reliable source of knowledge. Pollard; Rosenberg; Tignor, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert (2011). [33] The early modern period saw the flourishing of Navya-Nyāya (the 'new reason') under philosophers such as Raghunatha Siromani (c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, Jayarama Pancanana, Mahadeva Punatamakara and Yashovijaya (who formulated a Jain response). Eastern Europe has always had its own cultural peculiarities in comparison with other European territories that influenced strongly its educational areas. They were seen as sophists who specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. [70] Cārvāka philosophers like Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. The differences between Eastern and Western thought can be clearly seen in modern society, despite globalization and unifying influences. See Eastern Philosophy. "[90] Forces which influenced modernists like Dhammapala and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western Science. Eastern philosophies are also some of the most intricate and popular on the planet, with many adherents to religious philosophies thousands of years old. 44 Issue 3, pp. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Cārvāka or Lokāyata was an atheistic philosophy of scepticism and materialism, who rejected the Vedas and all associated supernatural doctrines. DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer. Chinese humanistic Buddhism or "Buddhism for Human Life" (Chinese: 人生佛教; pinyin: rénshēng fójiào) which was to be free of supernatural beliefs has also been an influential form of modern Buddhism in Asia.[92]. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSharma2003 (. Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the Kyoto School of philosophers, who combined the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. He anticipated that the Upanishads (primary Hindu scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. 112–113. Jul 94, Vol. The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as Zhang Zhidong looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as “Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function” (Zhongti Xiyong).[126]. Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. Carl Jung's idea of synchronicity moves towards an Oriental view of causality, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the I Ching. Their main sacred text is the Guru Granth Sahib. xiii + 310. [99], The political thought of Hindu nationalism is also another important current in modern Indian thought. Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability. Philosophers from the east have always been engaged in exactly the same pursuit as their counterparts in the west. The East and The West took different approaches to gaining knowledge and understanding reality. [117], Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the School of Naturalists and the I Ching. The main text of the school is the Mozi (book). Chad Hansen, Shen Buhai. (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1964. pp. Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). Jainism may have roots dating back to the times of the Indus Valley Civilization. 1, Article 6. [88] Through the work of Dharmakirti, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and debate.[89]. The eastern and western philosophies are identical to a large extent and the critics only point out the small differences in the specific philosophy and wording. [79] Ājīvikas were atheists[80] and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in every living being is an ātman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism. Its theoretic framework and basic structure aims to enlighten what humans ought to be - a question at the core of Chinese culture, reflecting the national spirit. [62]:182 It continues the ancient Śramaṇa tradition, which co-existed with the Vedic tradition since ancient times. [93][94] Key concepts include Simran, Sewa, the Three Pillars of Sikhism, and the Five Thieves. Eastern Students. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. The first and central ‘noble truth’ of the Buddha is that life is unavoidably about … [96] The first of these movements was that of the Brahmo Samaj of Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833). By Brian Yan 10C Conclusion Personally I like Eastern Philosophy more because of its different approach on viewing certain ideas and how you need both sides of an idea in the answer. This is a very broad and ambiguous question. Sāmkhya epistemology accepts three of six pramanas (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge; pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (word/testimony of reliable sources). [61], Jain philosophy deals extensively with the problems of metaphysics, reality, cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and divinity. Buddhism's main concern is soteriological, defined as freedom from dukkha (unease). The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize the general benefit. [72], Likewise, they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of liberation, reincarnation, and accumulation of merit or demerit through karma. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought. pp. [51], Vaiśeṣika organized all objects of experience into what they called padārthas (literally: 'the meaning of a word') which included six categories; dravya (substance), guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (generality), viśeṣa (particularity) and samavāya (inherence). This is because in Asia there is no single unified philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu[128] while another influential movement is New Confucianism (Chinese: 新儒家; pinyin: xīn rú jiā). In any exploration … ; Gough, A.E. There is no 'eastern' or 'western' philosophy; there is only philosophy. 1,700–1,050 BCE). [53] For this tradition, the study of dharma as ritual and social duty was paramount. Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms. So far as the Jewish factor of western thought goes, the first thing that strikes an eastern thinker is the extreme transcendence of the Jewish God. p. 6. For example, Indian and Chinese philosophies are at least as distinct from each other as they are from Western Philosophy. 66 ff. The differences listed below are heavily stereotyped, generalized, and polarized. Aspect 1: Where Thinking Happens — Internally or Externally What are the characteristics of Eastern philosophy? As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism. 30 Characteristics of Chinese Philosophy and the Chinese National Spirit 30 Characteristics of Chinese Philosophy and the Chinese National Spirit Shan, Li Cun 2016-07-25 00:00:00 Humanistic and ethical thought existed in China already in the ancient culture period, and was strongly enhanced during the Spring and Autumn era. [46] Nyāya holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. [59] The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of atman, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism. Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2014). Lord Shang. Cārvāka deemed the Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology. [120] The most important philosophers of this movement were He Yan, Wang Bi, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Ge Hong, and Guo Xiang. Salunkhe, AH (2009). Nyaya survived into the 17th century as Navya Nyaya "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta. Neurons, the Basic Elements of Behavior. [105], Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty (618–907). In response to colonialism and their contact with Western philosophy, 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed Neo-Vedanta and Hindu modernism. Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. Vaiśeṣika is a naturalist school of atomism, which accepts only two sources of knowledge, perception, and inference. Maoism is a Chinese Marxist philosophy based on the teachings of the 20th-century Communist Party of China revolutionary leader Mao Zedong. ... as in philosophy - we can see a marked difference in statutes. For exaxmple i have learnt that The obvious exception here is the Greek and Roman pantheon of gods and goddesses during ancient times, which is very distinct from the influence of the Abrahamic religions, which teach that this … Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include Anagarika Dharmapala (1864–1933) and the American convert Henry Steel Olcott, the Chinese modernists Taixu (1890–1947) and Yin Shun (1906–2005), Zen scholar D.T. The New Chinese Empire. Eastern Philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Asia. "Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Hansen, Chad. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as Rangaku) during the Edo Period (1603–1868). [69] While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras, various Jain philosophers from Kundakunda and Umasvati in ancient times to Yasovijaya and Shrimad Rajchandra in recent times have contributed to Indian philosophical discourse in uniquely Jain ways. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, [and] infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and mantras in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities, puruṣa (consciousness) and prakṛti (matter). Mohism (Mòjiā; "School of Mo"), was founded by Mozi (c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. [129] The second generation (1950–1979) include individuals like Tang Junyi, Mou Zongsan, and Xu Fuguan, all three students of Xiong Shili. [67] Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.[68]. Butler, Sean (2011) "Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism," The Hilltop Review: Vol. [54] They primarily held that the purpose of language was to correctly prescribe proper actions, rituals, and correct dharma (duty or virtue). Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. [116] Taoism tends to emphasize virtues such as wu wei (effortless action), ziran (naturalness), pu (simplicity), and spontaneity while placing less emphasis on norms and ritual (as opposed to Confucianism). [86] Key Buddhist concepts include the Four Noble Truths, Anatta (not-self) a critique of a fixed personal identity, the transience of all things (Anicca), and a certain skepticism about metaphysical questions. Philosophy of Religion: Chapter 1. GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press. [115] According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Arguments of an Implicit Debate", Ouyang Min. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which interested him.[134]. [130] A key figure of this movement is Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called mono no aware ("sorrow at evanescence").[131]. In the Meiji period (1868–1912), the modernist Meirokusha (Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted European enlightenment thought. In Tibet, the Indian tradition continued to be developed under the work of thinkers like Sakya Pandita, Tsongkhapa, and Ju Mipham. Traditionally, East Asian cultures and countries in the cultural sphere are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam as well as various overseas territories settled predominantly by Overseas Chinese, such as Singapore. Concepts of these atoms fortify traditional Chinese philosophical schools are indistinguishable from the various philosophies of.! 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