For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone the most ethical one. Some of the questions they wrestled with include: What constitutes "the greatest amount of good"? Is it always a consideration that buyers should take into account? These ethics also can be challenging to maintain in our business culture, where a capitalistic economy often teaches people to focus on themselves at the expense of others. For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. These studies are broken down by football league level: Given the results of the studies above, it is not surprising that there has been a strong outcry against football. [91] J.S. [77] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016 (quoting CBS News quoting, in turn, Dr. John York). This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. On an individual level, if you make morally correct decisions at work, then everyone's happiness will increase. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life. Customers who fly in first or business class pay a much higher rate than those in economy seats, but they also get more amenities—simultaneously, people who cannot afford upper-class seats benefit from the economy rates. feeling worried and guilty and this would ease his mind. Do you see parallels between the debate as to whether to begin playing football again in the wake of the pandemic and the debate as to whether to abolish or reform football in light of the evidence on brain trauma? Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David … Not every business decision can be a win-win and in these circumstances Utilitarianism looks to the greater good for the business e.g. [71] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle. And How Will It Change in 2019?, ESPN, Aug. 19, 2019, at https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27372974/did-helmet-rule-actually-work-2018-how-change-2019. Chapter 5: Ethical Theories. [36] Munro Cullum, Is Football Bad for the Brain? Steve Almond argues that “a civilian leisure class … has created, for its own entertainment, a caste of warriors too big and strong and fast to play a child’s game without grievously injuring one another.”. They can suffer concussions from milder collisions than would be required to concuss a collegiate or professional player. [38] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. [6] Mayo Clinic, at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921. In business contexts, utilitarianism implies an obligation for businesses to do what they can to act in a way that maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering. [82] Stephen S. Hanson, ‘He Didn’t Want to Let His Team Down’: The Challenge of Dual Loyalty for Team Physicians, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 45(3): 215-227 (2018). Actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if they promote unhappiness. 51 animated videos - 1 to 2 minutes each - define key ethics terms and concepts. Mill's approach is to argue that the pleasures of the intellect are intrinsically superior to physical pleasures. As with Bentham’s formulation, utilitarianism in business ethics is primarily concerned with outcomes rather than processes. Therefore, there is no correct way to treat employees. Bry believes that this will never happen. Utilitarianism can be used in any business decision that seeks to maximize positive effects (especially morally, but also financially) and minimize negative ones. [31] Christie Aschwanden, Football’s Concussion Crisis is Awash with Pseudoscience, Wired.com, Oct. 2, 2019. However, in 2017 the Myanmar government dropped leaflets from helicopters informing the population in northern Kachin that civilians and Kachin militants who remain in the region will be considered hostile opposition to the government military forces. Over two regular seasons (2012-2014), NFL players sustained 4,384 injuries, including 301 concussions. After a single season, college football players had less midbrain white matter than they had started with. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness and opposes actions that cause unhappiness. [33] William Stewart et al., Primum Non Nocere: A Call for Balance When Reporting on CTE, Lancet Neurology, 18:231-232 (2019). How is happiness defined? 3. [14] Jesse Mez et al., Clinicopathological Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encepahalopathy in Players of American Football, JAMA, 318(4): 360-370 (2017). Macroeconomics studies an overall economy or market system, its behavior, the factors that drive it, and how to improve its performance. Utilitarianism in the workplace focuses on ethics, democracy, rights and responsibilities within the business environment. (Probably not; other kinds of brain abnormalities, such as inflammation or damage to neural wiring from head injuries, may play a role.)”. What moral principles would you take into account? [56] Christie Aschwanden, Football’s Concussion Crisis Is Awash with Pseudoscience, Wired.com, Oct. 2, 2019 (quoting brain scientists Adnan Hirad). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216311939?via%3Dihub, “Dodging Rumour and Insurgency: The Hunt for Burmese Amber Goes to the Heart of Myanmar’s Turbulent North,” Financial Post, Jan. 26, 2017. https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/mining/dodging-rumour-and-insurgency-the-hunt-for-burmese-amber-goes-to-the-heart-of-myanmars-turbulent-north, “It is Time to Bring Global Attention to the Trade in Burmese Amber,” NewScientist, May 1, 2019. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232283-300-it-is-time-to-bring-global-attention-to-the-trade-in-burmese-amber/, American football is a rough and dangerous game. The Advantages of the Utilitarian Philosophy in Business The utilitarian philosophy is more acceptable for the modern business as it can satisfy the needs of the stakeholders, despite the fact that either side may receive less profit. [47] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Similarly, monopolistic competition teaches one business to flourish at the expense of others. Amber also plays an invaluable role in research. [Reporting a concussion] doesn’t make you weak, it means you’re strong.” On the other hand, President Trump has stated that rule changes to diminish head injuries are “ruining the game.”, One scientist said: “Don’t forget there’s risk in everything we do. [93] Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? The mining of these amber specimens in Myanmar is the center of many legitimate and blackmarket sales to university researchers and private collectors alike. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The action is described as the right one when it is beneficial for most people and has positive consequences. Utilitarianism is used frequently when business leaders make critical decisions about things like expansion, store closings, hiring, and layoffs. Five million cribs had been sold. Where there are disadvantaged groups who suffer income inequality or other negative consequences because of a utilitarian-based policy or action, most politicians would try to find a remedy. Are you aware of comparable situations around the world where individuals and corporations that wish to be moral buyers should be similarly wary, knowing that their purchase price might aid the seller’s bad acts? [62] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). Over the last ten years, more than one billion dollars in legal revenue has been generated from the mining and sale of amber. Children between the ages of 9 and 14 make up the largest cohort of football players in the U.S. 3352 (Dec. 2016). Employees and Employers. Russell, Children and Dangerous Sport and Recreation, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 34: 176-193 (2007). Explain. " Utilitarianism and business ethics, " in R. E. Frederick, eds, A Companion to Business Ethics. The field is surprisingly new. Some argue against paternalism and in favor of individual choice, believing that adults (at least) should be able to choose to engage in boxing (and presumably to play football) despite its potentially adverse consequences for brain health. Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a group. Most companies have a formal or informal code of ethics, which is shaped by their corporate culture, values, and regional laws. He could also gain benefits from Michael. Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory based on the idea that an action is moral if it causes the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure.". Again, these studies are broken down by league level: Studies such as these provide ammunition for those who defend organized football as an institution. Dr. Omalu identified abnormal clumps of the protein tau in Webster’s brain, which he believed to be evidence of CTE. Act utilitarianism makes the most ethical actions possible for the benefit of the people. Is this ever a consideration that buyers should take into account? the best business transactions are ones where the greatest number of people are happy (shareholders, stakeholders, customers). When used in a sociopolitical construct, utilitarian ethics aims for the betterment of society as a whole. Business Ethics - Deontological Theory, Utilitarianism, Ethical Relativism, Justice, and Rights - Essay Example. [2] Steve Almond, Is It Immoral to Watch the Super Bowl?, New York Times, Jan. 24, 2014; Pamela R. Sailors, Personal Foul: An Evaluation of the Moral Status of Football, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(2): 269-286 (2015). Ethics. No, it’s not crazy because we need to continue and budget and run money through the state of Oklahoma.”. CEO may have his bonus taken away/salary cut during recession Are there other cognitive biases and heuristics that might adversely affect your moral reasoning if you are not careful? As a part of general and practical ethics, business ethics focuses on moral or ethical principles and issues that occur in the business environment, providing judgments as … [78] David Gee, Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on science Threatens Your Health, Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(4): 474-479 (2008). Being Your Best Self, Part 1: Moral Awareness, Being Your Best Self, Part 2: Moral Decision Making, Being Your Best Self, Part 3: Moral Intent, Being Your Best Self, Part 4: Moral Action, Ethical Leadership, Part 1: Perilous at the Top, Ethical Leadership, Part 2: Best Practices, Curbing Corruption: GlaxoSmithKline in China. The idea of applying utility to ethics has its roots in 18th century philosophy. Is this an ethical issue? An Analysis of Youth Football Head Impact Data, Neurosurgery (Jan. 2020), available at https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz563. What facts would you weigh in making the decision? African-Americans make up 12.6% of the American population but 68% of NFL rosters. [46] Robert F. Heary et al., Is Youth Football Safe? And the airline benefits, too. A 2007 study found that retired NFL players experienced levels of depressive symptoms no worse than those of the general population. A political issue? It is completely fine to exploit workers. 1685 Words7 Pages. [11] Justin Ehrlich et al., Mortality Risk Factors Among National Football League Players: An Analysis Using Player Career Data, F1000Research 2019, 8:2022. The key passage from this book: "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals utility, or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. A study of 3,904 Wisconsin men found no significant harmful association between playing football in high school and cognitive impairment or depression later in life. Some people accuse the media (and others) of hysterically overhyping the dangers of tackle football to the brain. A 2016 study found no elevated risk of suicide in a population of players with at least five years in the league. BUSINESS ETHICS :: Utilitarianism • Introduction • Jeremy Bentham • Theory of Utility • Types of Utilitarianism • Some Criticisms • Moral Dilemma Introduction Over the course of the next two lectures we will be looking at two of the most politically and philosophically significant … 36 short illustrated videos explain behavioral ethics concepts and basic ethics principles. If subconcussive blows are the cause of C.T.E., how much impact is too much? What factors go into each side of the equation? [24] Michael W. Collins et al., Adolescent Sports Concussion, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 19(2): 247-269 (2008); Mark R. Lovell et al., Recover from Mild Concussion in High School Athletes, Journal of Neurosurgery, 98(2): 296-301 (2003). Basic utilitarianism is the soft, act version. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. [76] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016. [69] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concusions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neurologist David Kaufman). If the outcome leads to the greatest good (or the least harm) for the greatest number of people, then it is assumed the end justifies the means. And concussion recurrence has been reduced, most likely by protocols guiding when it is safe to return to play. [5] Although concussions can carry serious consequences, they are termed a “mild” form of TBI because they are not typically life threatening. Relatedly, should fans of the game be ashamed of themselves? [30] Julie M. Stamm et al., Age of First Exposure to Football and Later-life Cognitive Impairment in Former NFL Players, Neurology, 84(11): 1114-1120 (2015). Today, having a formalized code of business ethics is more important than ever. 57 Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? As such, it is the only moral framework that can justify military force or war. [1] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. [61] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that suggests that the best actions are those that maximize utility. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is “brain degeneration likely caused by repeated head traumas.”[6] Repetitive head impacts (RHIs) can cumulatively lead to CTE and early death, even though no single RHI results in a concussion. Concussion Suit, New York Times, April 22, 2015. Daniel Goldberg observes that “there is also a crucial social and political question that is not simply a function of that empirical evidence base: to what risks is it acceptable to expose youths and adolescents?”. [72] Daniel Goldberg, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, the National Football League, and the Manufacture of Doubt: An Ethical, Legal, and Historical Analysis, Journal of Legal Medicine, 34: 157-191 (2013). Reducing tackling in practices has reduced overall concussion numbers among high school players, even though the number of concussions in games has risen slightly. [12] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. Our society allows people to voluntarily choose to undertake many risky professions, including coal miners, fire jumpers, soldiers, underwater oil rig welders, and others. Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our actions will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future. [21] Adnan A. Hirad, A Common Neural Signature of Brain Injury in Concussion and Subconcussion, Science Advances 5(8), Aug. 2019. Social justice is a concept holding that all people should have equal access to wealth, health, well-being, privileges, and opportunity. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let alone an ethical one. Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020); Alan Schwarz et al., N.F.L.’s Flawed Concussion Research and Ties to Tobacco Industry, New York Times, March 24, 2016. [40] Thomas L. Schwenk, Depression and Pain in Retired Professional Football Players, Medicine & Science in Sports & Leisure, 39(4): 599-605 92007)(but finding that when coupled with difficult with pain, problems with sleep and social relations often followed). Tom would do this because he is promoting his well being above everyone else’s (QUT, 2011). [18] Ernest L. Abel, Football Increases the Risk for Lou Gehrig’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Perceptual Motor Skills, 104(3): 1251-1254 (20007). In the airline industry, for example, many planes offer first-, business-, and economy-class seats. [68] Bill Pennington, Trump Says N.F.L. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. Explain. Utilitarianism (pronounced yoo-TILL-ih-TARE-ee-en-ism) is one of the main schools of thought in modern ethics (also known as moral philosophy). -- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. In some cases, amber contains inclusions, such as insects, whole or parts of animals, and plants that are trapped and preserved. [54] Marc Siegel, Concussions and Football: New Helmets, New Tools, The Hill, Aug. 19, 2019. Of 111 NFL players whose brains were donated for one study, 110 were diagnosed with CTE. Chen also points to the uncertainties of the science, noting: “For now, these complexities make certain questions about the disease unanswerable. The government then forced more than 5000 inhabitants from their homes and villages, as well as from the amber mines. Football rules intentionally create high speed collisions between human beings, making such injuries inevitable and the sport controversial. [51] Kevin Seifer, Did the Helmet Rule Actually Work? Comments (0) Limited government is a political system in which legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers, such as The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. It is also the most common approach to moral reasoning used in business because of the way in which it accounts for costs and benefits. Companies also must endeavor to keep their promises and put ethics at least on par with profits. Others suggest that the uncertainty favors taking actions now rather than waiting until too much damage is done, as happened with tobacco. A policy issue? Utilitarian ethics says, in general, that the most ethical course of action is the one that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. See also Ann C. McKee et al., The Spectrum of Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Brain, 136(1)): 43-64 (2013)(study of donated brains of 64 athletes found “the stage of [CTE] correlated with increased duration of football play, survival after football and age at death” for 34 football players). For a business to grow, it not only needs to increase its bottom line, but it also must create a reputation for being socially responsible. Do you think these critiques are counterbalanced by the fact that the riches that are often lavished upon NFL players go disproportionately to African-Americans as well? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). Search for: Utilitarianism What is utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is a section or a part of the consequentialism theory. If you were a university scientist, how would you decide whether it is ethical for you to buy amber from Myanmar? Another study of 35 former NFL players over age 50 who had sustained multiple concussions during their careers found no significant association between the length of careers, the number of concussions, and their level of cognitive function later in life. [73] Dave Bry, American Football is Too Dangerous, and It Should Be Abolished, The Guardian (UK), Jan. 4, 2016. [55] Julie Mack, What Parents Need to Know about Football, Concussions and Head Injuries, mlive.com, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html (quoting neuroscientist Julie Stamm). Why, then, do you think they oppose letting adults choose freely to play football? While some researchers and universities feel as though they should refrain from making such amber purchases, their failure to participate enables many private collectors to remove collections from the public or to charge researchers an exorbitant fee for access. [45] Eamon T. Campolettano et al., Development of a Concussion Risk Function for a Youth Population Using Heal Linear and Rotational Acceleration, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 48(1): 92 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02382-2. Are the answers different for NFL players, college players, high school players, and under-14 players? Support your position with data and facts. [81] Peter Benson, Big Football: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Culture and Color of Injury in America’s Most Popular Sport, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(4): 307-334 (2017). 2. 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