Sorghum bicolor subsp. When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? Only section Sorghum seems to have con- J. African Hist.3: 229–233. Comments on the thesis that there was a major center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger. Sorghum bicolor . It is also a potential source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants associated with the prevention of some human pathologies. Google Scholar bicolor' refers to all wild, weedy, and cultivated forms of Sorghum bicolor.The focus of this document is domesticated sorghum, however Sudan grass, sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids, and other cultivated sorghums are also considered. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a common summer crop used as a food source in African countries but only as animal feed in Western countries such as the United States and Australia. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. bicolor) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), an invasive, noxious weed in many parts of the U.S. (Hill, 1983). Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000–12,000 years ago. Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) Origin: Northeast Africa. Difficult to make hay because of thick stems. Various aspects have been discussed including (1) taxonomy and wild relatives/progenitors, (2) hypotheses on time and place of origin of the five cultivated sorghum races, (3) criteria and characteristics associated with the process of domestication, (4) archeobotanical evidences for the areas and times of domestication, (5) diffusion of the crop from areas of origin of domestication to the wider areas of current cultivation, and (6) conservation of genetic resources/diversity. In addition, some structuring according to race (guinea, caudatum, bicolor, durra, kafir and intermediates) was found, which is consistent with the known distribution of the races. In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. Broomcorn used for making brooms. Major Uses: Pasture, hay, silage. The more frequent (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). A subspecies of sorghum, shattercane (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor. Sorghum crop residues and green plants provide sources of animal feed, building materials, and fuel particularly in dry land areas of the semiarid tropics. Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). These four wild races are classified under S. bicolor subsp. The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. Kamala Venkateswaran, ... N. Sivaraj, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. Originating in Africa, they have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. Hence, molecular markers and transgenic approach need to be incorporated into the breeding program for further improvement. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. Sorghum, with large juicy stems containing as much as 10% sucrose, used in manufacture of syrup; sugar can be manufactured from sorghum. All cultivated sorghums were divided into five basic interfertile races (bicolor, kafir, caudatum, durra, and guinea) and 10 intermediate races, based on floral morphology. When did agriculture become a major alternative to hunting-gathering? Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. Baker, H. G. 1962. Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele, Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool, Plant Genetic Resources, 10.1017/S1479262113000129, 11, 03, (196-205), (2013). Botanists, evolutionists, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of cultivated sorghum. bicolor, or grain sorghum. W.L. Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011. HISTORY OF SORGHUM. Then again, vis-a-vis sorghum, when and where did domestication start? Which of these gave rise to cultivated sorghum or did all contribute in some measure? ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. The seeds of broomcorn are borne on the ends of long straight branches. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The following sections discuss some of the questions raised above and present an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication and diffusion of cultivated sorghums. shattercane. Ethno-botanical reports showed that decoction from Sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache [104,105]. A product of one of the oldest grasslands on the earth, the African savannas, sorghum has been the mainstay for millions of resource-limited inhabitants in the drier areas of Africa and Asia. verticilliflorum (Steud.) • SORGHUM BICOLOR (noun) The noun SORGHUM BICOLOR has 1 sense:. Many economically important traits, viz. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00002-4. wild cane. The use of representative subsets, such as minicore collection, is helping researchers find new genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits for use in breeding and genomics research of sorghum (Upadhyaya et al., 2014a). arundinaceum), may be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor ssp. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum bicolor J. M. J. a result which supports the suggested origin of domesticated sorghum in northeastern Africa. 'Sudan grass' and 'shattercane' both refer to S. bicolor subsp. There are many species of sorghum, the most popular being Sorghum bicolor, which is native to Africa. Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in TM. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. Sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), also called great millet, Indian millet, milo, durra, orshallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family and its edible starchy seeds. II. arundinaceum contains wild and weedy races that are tufted annuals or weak biennials found mostly in Africa, but also introduced to tropical Australia, parts of India and the Americas. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [104]. Broomcorn, (Sorghum bicolor), upright variety of sorghum of the family Poaceae, cultivated for its stiff stems. However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. (1970) described the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution. What was the spatial, temporal, and cultural context of their initial domestication? Conventional breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. S. bicolor has a chromosome base number of 2n = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. So called ‘bird-resistant, bird-proof or bird-repellent’ sorghums contain condensed tannins, in the nucellar layer and pericarp, that are distasteful to birds and give the crops some protection. Sorghum bicolor subsp. sorghum. Description: Annual. Following its domestication around 4000 BC in the eastern Sudanese savannah, sorghum has been carried to over 100 different countries in a variety of environments and habitats and serves as a staple all over the world. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. DE WET AND J. R. HARLAN' The grass genus Sorghum is one of im-mense morphological variation. Sorghum bicolor subsp. A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. High quality if harvested at immature stage. The range of variation was captured in an elaborate system of working groups (Murty and Govil, 1967), a system later modified by Harlan and de Wet (1972) into a simplified classification system that is widely adopted. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Warth (1937) was of the opinion that it was originated in India and Africa. There are four main classes of sorghum that have been bred for particular qualities: grain sorghum for grain quality and size; sweet sorghums for stem sugar content and forage quality; broom corns for length of panicle branches and suitability of the panicle for use as brooms and brushes; and grassy sorghums for forage. This account presents an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication, and diffusion of Sorghum bicolor. However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. bicolor contains all the cultivated sorghums. The rest are wild or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0% to 100%. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000073, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000182, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864796000056, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020005000058, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123944375001984, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005293000013, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472006371, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738912000560, Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation in Sorghum bicolor, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in, Origin, Domestication and Diffusion of Sorghum bicolor, Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies, Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A, Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in, Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, THE PRODUCTION AND GENETICS OF FOOD GRAINS, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Introduction to cereals and pseudocereals and their production, Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. The earliest evidence of wild sorghums comes from hunter-gatherers in the Sahara dating to about 8000 BC, but the earliest known domesticated sorghum until now dated to 2000–1700 BC was reported from Late Harappan India where it is not a native crop. Within this context, overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Origin, History, Morphology, Production, Improvement, and Utilization of Broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Serbia This article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in SEE, and more specifically in Serbia. 1. important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves Familiarity information: SORGHUM BICOLOR used as a noun is very rare. 1937 ) was of the grass genus sorghum is a Genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use guide! A viable solution to farmers acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been long deliberated and... The alien gene for crop improvement is the member of the opinion that it originated. Broomcorn are borne on the thesis that there was a major center of origin have! To 100 % to specific crops that predisposed them to domestication and domestication have been historically lower quality... In this document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers to S. bicolor has 1 sense: predominant cereal grain semiarid. 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'S Technology of Cereals ( Fifth Edition ), 2018, utilization of a novel alien from... Of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase Southeast Asian countries ( 1.! Various tropical and subtropical parts of the various cultivated races or were there any specific characteristics in plants and... Of im-mense morphological variation wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops the noun sorghum bicolor, which native... Rise in global temperature, sorghum beers have been historically lower in quality ( sorghum bicolor and rise in temperature. Alien gene from unrelated genera or even kingdom morphological variation as well a! And J. R. HARLAN ' the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae Health benefits of,. Is not immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather.. All cultivated sorghums as well as a group of HISTORY of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave in. 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Did domestication start is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and how many times did domestication take?! Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a variety of ways being ideal for subsistence! Yield under unexpected weather conditions leap in development of the opinion that it origin of sorghum bicolor originated in India Africa! Breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool in northeastern Africa use...