Shaped the world-view in which the NT writers articulated the Christian revelation. HELLENISM, term generally used by historians to refer to the period from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.E.) [13] Payton, 111, 13; Ware, Orthodox Church, 223-24; Garvey, 34; Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Way: Revised Edition (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1995), 61. While Lent is the West’s great time of fasting and prayer, there are four significant fasting periods in Orthodoxy (in addition to most Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year): (1) Lent; (2) the Fast of the Apostles from eight days after Pentecost until 28 June; (3) the Dormition Fast from 1 to 14 August; and (4) the Christmas Fast from 15 November to 24 December. [23], The Orthodox Church emphasizes sacraments (or mysteries) as “the means whereby God’s grace is appropriated to every Christian individually.”[24] It recognizes seven: “(i) Baptism; (ii) Chrismation (equivalent to Confirmation in the West); (iii) The Eucharist; (iv) Repentance or Confession; (v) Holy Orders; (vi) Marriage or Holy Matrimony; (vii) the Anointing of the Sick.”[25]. James Atkinson, “Reform,” in Introduction to the History of Christianity, ed. As a result, the Orthodox Church is particularly susceptible to losses caused by demographic changes in Europe where both population and religious participation are declining. [4] Ware, Orthodox Church, 7; Bartholomew, Encountering the Mystery (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 1-2. Platonic philosophers were able to theorize about the forms by looking at objects in the material world, and imagining what the "Perfect" tree, or "Perfect" man would be. Specifically, the doctrines of Trinity and the deity of … Both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism belong to what can be termed Hellenistic Christianity, that is, a form of Christianity heavily influenced by Greek philosophies, particularly Gnosticism. Despite its heritage, however, Hellenistic Christianity is not limited to the territories of the former Greek Byzantine Empire. Interestingly, the Orthodox Church holds that this “first among equals” position rightly belongs to the Pope. Is Christianity a predominantly Near Eastern or Hellenistic religion? George D. Smith, The Eastern Churches Trilogy (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2001), 1, 3-4, 7-8. In the Septuagint, Greek words led to the Hellenization of the Jews at home and in the Diaspora. Hellenistic Christianity could also arguably include some of the Uniate Churches, which are churches with heritages in the old Patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem that are today in communion with the Pope. Size, intelligence, beauty, power, benevolence, and so forth: all the qualities are called perfections. [26], Eastern Orthodoxy claims to possess a history free of “Reformations or Counter-Reformations.”[27] However, this history obscures reality. Martyr was an early apologist, explaining Christianity to this new Greek flock within their own system of philosophy. Stoicism and, particularly, Platonism were readily incorporated into Christian ethics and Christian theology. Orthodox worship centers around communal expressions of faith. Ibid., 15. The ontological argument reflected the classical concept of "perfections". Hellenistic Paganism Join the Unexplained Mysteries community today! It is the Hellenistic tension between the transient and the permanent, the temporal and the eternal. Photo by Saint-Petersburg Theological Academy is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0. Fasting also occupies an integral part of the Church’s communal liturgical cycle with a degree of rigor and asceticism generally lacking in the West. Much of the Church’s uniformity stems from early Greek cultural hegemony resulting from two early schisms: the separation from the Church of the East in 431 and the separation from the Oriental Orthodox Church in 451.[28]. Some elements of these philosophies … Christianity emerged 300 years after the conquests of … In Orthodox teaching, people cannot be united with God unless they become like God themselves. The Christian propagandist will assure us that the main source of immorality in Rome was the wealthy class, one tenth, or less, of the population. The Nicene Creed lacks the filioque generally present in the West. This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 02:10. Contacts between the Orthodox Church and their Arab neighbors in the centuries preceding the rise of Islam, for example, demonstrate a failure to translate the Christian faith into a form palatable to Arab culture. As in Roman Catholicism, a celibate episcopate leads the Eastern Orthodox Church. Despite its heritage, however, Hellenistic Christianity is not limited to the territories of the former Greek Byzantine Empire. The Hellenization of Christianity was a complex interaction between Hellenistic philosophy and early Christianity during the first four centuries of the Common Era. Nonetheless, the definition of “ancient” is relative. [15], Instead, “Christ is the victor over death.”[16] Therefore, in Orthodox theology, there is no salvation apart from the resurrection. [16] Payton, 126; Ware, Orthodox Way, 80-81. [11] As Saint Athanasius wrote, “For, [Christ] was made man, that we might be made gods.”[12], As a result, the anthropology of Hellenistic Christianity differs from prevailing Western views. There were Platonists, Aristotelians, Stoics and Epicureans each espousing a differing interpretation of the world around them. [22] This is an example of how Orthodox liturgy cannot rightly be separated from Orthodox theology. Philosophers took all the things that they considered good, Power, Love, Knowledge and Size, and posited that God was "infinite" in all these respects. [33] Identification with the Church within the new Muslim empire allowed citizens of the former Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire to maintain a sense of cultural unity.[34]. We set out to find out what the ancient Church was really like, and in doing so we discovered Orthodoxy.”[49]. Orthodoxy reflects an early Christianity with all its beauty and with all its faults. 8). It is what Plato expressed in the longing to escape the shadows of the cave and enter the sunshine of the intelligible world. What makes a council ecumenical, however, is not any particular trappings or procedures—though broad participation from across the entire Orthodox Church is generally a prerequisite—but whether the whole Church accepts its decrees. Is Christianity a predominantly Near Eastern or Hellenistic religion? Anselm of Canterbury, a priest, monk, and philosopher defined God as the "Being than which no greater can be conceived." Christianity - Christianity - Relations between Christianity and the Roman government and the Hellenistic culture: The Christians were not respectful toward ancestral pagan customs, and their preaching of a new king sounded like revolution. [18]  However, the “Orthodox Church is not as much given to making formal dogmatic definitions as the Roman Catholic Church.”[19], Consequently, expressions of its beliefs on such diverse matters as the Eucharist, the Sacraments, the afterlife, Mary, and a variety of other topics are found not primarily in confessions of faith but “in the prayers and hymns used at service.”[20] Indeed, “[t]hose who wish to know about Orthodoxy should not so much read books as…attend the Liturgy.”[21]. I have also included a pdf copy of my paper below for those who prefer that format. [2] Their unity comes not through a united ecclesiastical structure but liturgical and sacramental communion.[3]. Concerning the Eucharist, while the Orthodox Church affirms the real presence of Christ in the elements, it eschews attempts to explain exactly how this happens. [5] Ware, Orthodox Church, 7. Unlike Catholicism, however, men married before ordination may enter the priesthood. Catholicism is the more moderate of the two, having retained obedience to the Church and its traditions as well as requiring … It's free and setting up an account only takes a moment. I have always been fascinated by Hellenistic Christianity, and I hope that this paper is of value to you. Google Scholar With reference to Hahn he further writes: ‘To be sure, Hellenistic Jewish Christianity was a mediating element between the Aramaic-speaking Jewish Christianity of Palestine and Hellenistic Gentile Christianity. The Hellenistic Jewish Christian Witness. “We did not set out to discover Orthodoxy. Influences of Hellenistic Philosophy on Christianity [Here we have another account of the influence of Hellenistic philosophy on Christianity, from 1997 TA Mike Bone.] MKs--missionary kids--are ulturally "green." Commentary from Sir William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870, p. Through stumblings, shortcomings, and adversities, the Orthodox Church has persisted, safeguarding the traditions handed down to it and persevering as an ever-shining light from the too often forgotten Christian East. Baptism, for example, is always performed by immersion, even on infants. [45] See, for example, Gustaf Aulén, Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement, trans. Indeed, Orthodox missions in Africa began when Anglican converts came to the Church, not as a result of contacts with Orthodox believers, but through personal study. For all its faults, it has persevered in the faith of its ancestors, both as an established church—as in Greece today—and as a persecuted church—as in the Soviet Union. From the chapter on “Liturgy and Theology and Byzantine Culture” in The Formation of Christendom by Christopher Dawson (Sheed & Ward, 1967): The essential achievement of the patristic age was the synthesis of Eastern religion and Western culture, or, to be more precise, the uniting of the spiritual traditions of Hellenism and the … Augustine of Hippo, who ultimately systematized Christian philosophy, wrote in the 4th and early 5th century. They then concluded that God was omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent and omnibenevolent. [7] Ware, Orthodox Church, 15; see also Garvey, 32. It is used to apply to a wide range of polytheistic spiritual paths that honor the pantheon of the ancient Greeks.In many of these groups, there is a trend towards the … The phrase "Hellenic polytheism" is actually, much like the word "Pagan," an umbrella term. The ontological argument is a defining example of the fusion of Hebrew and Greek thought. Christian assimilation of Hellenistic philosophy was anticipated by Philo and other Greek-speaking Alexandrian Jews. (Hellenism, of course, refers to the influence of ancient Greek philosophy and culture, which spread throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquests of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC.) [25] Ibid., 275; see also Bartholomew, 86. The Aristotelian view of God grew from these Platonic roots, arguing that God was the Infinite, or the Unmoved mover. Since God was perfect, any change would make him less than perfect, so they asserted that God was unchanging, or immutable. [44] In addition, Western theologians dissatisfied with the penal substitution theory of the atonement have begun to give the Orthodox view a fresh look.[45]. But when I read those books of the Platonists I was taught by them to seek incorporeal truth, so I saw your 'invisible things, understood by the things that are made' (Confessions 7. [43] See ibid., 47-48. [3] Donald Fairbairn, Eastern Orthodoxy through Western Eyes (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002), 25-26. Elaine Ruth Fletcher, “Orthodox Leaders Closer to Unity,”. [29] The early separation from the Church of the East (in the old Assyrian lands) and the Oriental Orthodox Churches (in Egypt and much of Syria) restricted Orthodox territory on the east to mostly the Greek-speaking world. This is in reference to the origins and beliefs of early Christianity, so before 500 AD. Adrian Fortescue, The Uniate Eastern Churches, ed. Bartholomew, 6, 20-21, 25; Payton, 175, 78-79; Ware. "Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in ancient Greece.Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. This is seen today in the labeling of the various Orthodox Churches by their national designations—the Russian Orthodox Church, for example. Indeed, the Church “was too absorbed in bouts of theological hair-splitting to spare a thought for its neighbors.”[36], A Greek-centric worldview and insistence on “complete agreement in belief as a rule for Christian unity” poisoned any potential deep permeation into a pragmatic nomadic Arab population more concerned with the practical implementation of faith than distinctly Greek philosophizing. of Hellenistical. In contrast, the West was able to maintain relative unity for fifteen hundred years before Martin Luther nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. That at least two of the Christians mentioned in Acts 13 are from North Africa is perhaps a hint some Hellenists moved to Antioch rather than Egypt. [47], The Church has likewise attracted converts in the United States from a variety of backgrounds who found the Church on their own. In this post in my series “God and Man at Yale Divinity,” I share my paper on Hellenistic Christianity, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodoxy. Icons are not merely decorative art. When the Church later moved into new lands, it often maintained this lack of cultural diversity in a translated form. Nonetheless, the nationalism persisted beyond its usefulness, and Orthodoxy has struggled to expand beyond its early strongholds in Eastern Europe. http://www.theaudiopedia.com What is HELLENISTIC JUDAISM? Justin Martyr was a key figure during this period who helped reconcile Hellenism with Christian teachings. It was my final paper for the World Christianity class that I took during my first semester at Yale Divinity School. [33] Fortescue, Orthodox Church, 229-32; Fairbairn, 146. It has expanded over the centuries into other lands and encompasses all churches in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. [35], Such nationalistic missteps are rooted deep in its early history as an established church of empire. A. G. Hebert (Eugen, OR: Wipf & Stock, 1931); Gregory A. Boyd, “Christus Victor View,” in The Nature of the Atonement, ed. Ware, Orthodox Church, 2, 13, 51, 291; John Garvey, “Eastern Orthodoxy,” The Atlantic, May 1989, 34; Bartholomew, 3, 57. By Tradition, the Church means “the faith and practice which Jesus Christ imparted to the Apostles, and which since the Apostles’ time has been handed down from generation to generation in the Church.”[9], Tradition includes particularly the Bible, the Nicene Creed, and the seven ecumenical councils. [1] Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church: New Edition (London: Penguin Books, 1997), 4. [15] Ware, Orthodox Church, 229; see also Payton, 98-99, 121-22; Fairbairn, 79-81. [46] Orthodoxy offers heritage, a link to the past. What is often missed is the Greek influences on Christianity, that Christianity is as Hellenistic as it is Jewish. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2009), 75. Once a church achieves “autocephalous” status, it operates entirely independently of any other church’s interference. Some of these churches remained in communion with Rome at the time of the Great Schism, while others entered back into communion at a later date. It's obviously a syncretic phenomenon, but what is it more of, according to scholars? Sadly, the strife between the two groups was not automatically eliminated by their conversion to Christianity, as the complaints concerning food distribution to widows of the two groups show. Anselm of Canterbury composed the ontological argument for the existence of God, which he believed to be irrefutable. [43], As a result, the Orthodox Church, particularly its “approaches to prayer and worship,” has begun to attract the attention of other Christian denominations. Just look at Christianity. The Platonic concepts of realism, perfection and a god that defined as infinite thus became incorporated into Christian medieval philosophy. James Ridgway (Oxford: James Parker and Co., 1880), 54. James Beilby and Paul R. Eddy (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2006); Gregory A. Boyd, Satan and the Problem of Evil: Constructing a Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2011), 36. Orthodox territory then became officially isolated—after centuries of deteriorating relations—from the Latin West in 1054 with the Great Schism that separated the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.[30]. Christian engagement with Hellenistic philosophy is reported in the New Testament in Acts 17:18 describing the Apostle Paul's discussions with Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. They generally, however, maintain similar practices and emphases in doctrine as the Eastern Orthodox Church. See Bartholomew, 13; Payton, 38; Fortescue, Satan and the Problem of Evil: Constructing a Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy, Progressive Revelation of the Divine Character, Joseph Ratzinger and the Purpose of Theology, Pluralism v. Inclusivism: Salvation and Diversity. This would be roughly equivalent to a civilization two thousand years from now looking at twenty-first-century America to determine what America was like in the colonial era. Fortescue, Orthodox Church, 152-54; Fairbairn, 15-16. Accordingly, if a concept could be formed in the human mind, then it had a real existence in the abstract realm of the universals, apart from his imagination. Daniel W. Graham and James L. Siebach, "Philosophy and Early Christianity," 210-220. The Platonic Theory of Forms had an enormous influence on Hellenic Christian views of God. Philosophical realism was the dominant philosophical school of Anselm's day, and stemmed from Platonism. This content uses referral links. Icons hold a prominent place in the life and worship of the Orthodox Church. Christianity - Christianity - The early liturgy, the calendar, and the arts: St. Paul’s letters mention worship on the first day of the week. [48] Indeed, one American convert summed up Orthodoxy’s attraction nicely. As a previous Roman Catholic critic has pointed out, “Their sumptuous ritual, gorgeous vestments, and exact rubrics all represent, not the first age, but the palmy days of the Byzantine Roman Empire.” Fortescue, Orthodox Church, 392-93. Nevertheless, it is often impossible to grasp this second element in the development of the primitive Christian tradition. I Read more…, Spread the loveIn this post in my series “God and Man at Yale Divinity,” I share my paper on the Council of Chalcedon. What is more intelligent is more perfect as regards intelligence, what is more beautiful is more perfect as regards beauty, and so forth. Therefore, the argument proceeded, God could not be conceived not to exist. Hellenistic Christianity is notable for its combination of Greek philosophy, ethics and morality with Christian belief. [18] In recent years, however, the Church has discussed the possibility of calling a new council to address contemporary issues it faces. Elaine Ruth Fletcher, “Orthodox Leaders Closer to Unity,” Christianity Today, February 7, 2000, 30; see also Bartholomew, 6. The Orthodox Church possesses a rich cultural history and nearly unrivaled theological depth that attracts converts, even where the Church has fallen into evangelistic passivity. They are a mixture, having spent their formative years in two cultures: their parents' home culture and their parents' place of service. Of these, Stoicism and particularly Platonism were readily incorporated into Christian ethics and theology. What does HELLENISTIC JUDAISM mean? Consequently, Hellenistic Christianity places great emphasis on the authority of councils of bishops, which the Church believes to be “the chief organ whereby God has chosen to guide his people…”[7] While all councils possess some level of authority, only ecumenical councils are considered infallible. This makes them very fit to take the gospel crossculturally. Christianity and Hellenistic philosophies experienced complex interactions during the first to the fourth centuries. The Ecumenical Patriarch, therefore, occupies a position the Pope would hold in a reunited Church. [1] While maintaining its Hellenistic foundations, Eastern Orthodoxy is an ethnically diverse group of independently governed churches. [28] See Ware, Orthodox Church, 3-4; Bartholomew, 2-3. [13], This more positive view of humanity extends into the Church’s view of the Incarnation. With the establishment of the formal church, the development of creeds and formal theology, this view of God as Omni-Everything became nearly universal in the Christian World. There's a substantial gap in most religions between religious practices and source mythology. [41] Ware, Orthodox Church, 174-75; Garvey, 34. Christian Hellenism — The Foundation of Western Culture. [37], One Catholic scholar criticized the Orthodox Church’s missionary apathy toward the Arabs, arguing that Orthodox leaders “allowed [the Arabs] to remain pagan, while they quarreled over abstruse points of theology, and intrigued for the Emperor’s favor at the court.”[38] A successful mission among the Arab peoples would have required an “adaptive response to the message,” which the elites of the Imperial Church could not abide. Conceiving God not to exist would be not conceiving God at all, as it would conceive a being less than perfect, which would not be God. These churches together make up the modern Eastern Orthodox Church. Churches that have not achieved autocephalous or autonomous status, however, generally fall under the Ecumenical Patriarch’s jurisdiction. As Christianity spread throughout the Hellenic world, an increasing number of church leaders were educated in Greek philosophy. [34] See Bartholomew, 13; Payton, 38; Fortescue, Orthodox Church, 240; Fairbairn, 146. [8] Ware, Orthodox Church, 250-52; Fairbairn, 12, 39; Bartholomew, 37. In those philosophies, Forms were the ideals of every object in the physical world, and objects in the physical world were merely shadows of those perfect forms. Orthodox theologians have argued, for example, that God, in His love for humanity, would have become man even if humanity had not fallen. [26] Fortescue, Orthodox Church, 420; Ware, Orthodox Church, 275, 277, 283. Hellenistic Christianity represents one of the most ancient expressions of the Christian faith still in practice today. Your email address will not be published. Indeed, the Eastern Orthodox Church is Hellenistic because of its schisms. But of course it is not unique to him or to Christianity. The Hellenistic period begins formally with the arrival of Alex­ander the Great in the Near East in 334BCE, but this date is not the beginning of Greek influence in the region. [11] Ware, Orthodox Church, 21; Payton, 132, 37-38; Fairbairn, 68-73. Acts 6:1 And in these ... /h/hellenistic.htm - 7k Hellenist definition is - a person living in Hellenistic times who was Greek in language, outlook, and way of life but was not Greek in ancestry; especially : a hellenized Jew. Hellenic Christians and their medieval successors then applied this Form-based philosophy to the Christian God. It held, in contrast to Nominalism, that things such as "green" and "big" were known as universals, which had a real existence in an abstract realm, as described by Plato. 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