Western philosophy deals with Individualism while Eastern Philosophy is related to Collectivism. What the Buddha taught. Successively taking away the windshield, a door, a piston, a bolt, the radiator cap, and continuing until the last piece of metal, plastic, glass, or rubber has been removed, one would never find the part which, if removed, transforms what remains into a non-car. Since we think and act in accordance with these illusions, we invariably suffer (i.e., experience disappointment, frustration, and pain). What do you see? Comparison between Western and Eastern Ethics: . (Kornfield & Breiter, 1985, p. 174). Hahn, N. (1974). Neurosis and human growth. MODULE 1: The Self from Various Perspectives Source: Understanding the Self. Language automatically fosters further reifications, in a vicious cycle which prevents the individual from effectively communicating in a non-reifying, nondualistic manner. Western psychotherapy, in its efforts to heal the neurotic individual, attempts to strengthen the ego, or to foster the development of a stronger “self,” and yet it is this very notion of self which Buddhist psychology sees as the root cause of human suffering. Indra’s postmodern net. As Hussain points out, there are many historic connections between Eastern and Western countries that will mean that some people straddle both ways of … The fifth skandha includes eight consciousnesses, one of which results in the experience of the ego or self as homunculus, which Buddhist psychology rejects as delusion. There is no little man inside of the head, no thinker of thoughts, no doer of deeds, no inner ego or self, other than the temporary gestalt formed by the skandhas. The integration of the two levels of awareness, the absolute and the relative, is essential for the normal functioning of the healthy human being in society. Generally speaking, however, they have played down relationality and emphasized individuality. In analyzing a mythological work, a proper understanding of the nature of the self and its relation to the Cosmos is essential. It is often suggested that contrasting Eastern vs. Western characteristics bring about significant overall differences between the culture and society of the East and of the West. Wolter: In Search of the Self: Eastern versus Western Perspectives Published by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2012. the East and the West respectively, in an attempt to support Watt’s thesis on the two great myths of the Self in the East and the West. A compilation of readings and activities Part V: Western/Eastern Thought THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT Introduction In the past 30 years, the study of cross-cultural difference across various behaviors and personality traits have gained interest, numerous researches had been … Rahula, W. (1974). The practice and theory of individual psychology. Consider, for example, an automobile. In a Platonic tradition, concepts were seen to entail universals, applying always and for ever. Just like the term “fist” is a convenient label to designate a particular (and transient) arrangement of the fingers, the term “self” or “I” is nothing but a label for an impermanent arrangement of the skandhas. Take the form of one’s body, for example. . (Kornfield & Breiter, 1985, p. 174) Eastern psychologies maintain that, as a result of social and self-conditioning, our ambitions, beliefs, desires, expectations, preconceptions, and views of the nature of reality are illusory. The self is a complex and core subject in many forms of spirituality.In Western psychology, the concept of self comes from Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Carl Rogers where the self is the inner critic.. Western approaches may be extremely valuable in giving the person (primarily in individualistic societies, but to some extent also in collectivistic ones) sufficient self-confidence and maturity to discard egocenteredness. The skandhas are form, feelings, perceptions, impulses, and consciousness. Eastern psychotherapy attempts to dissolve the experience of the self-as-separate entity and replace it with a feeling of interconnectedness, the non-self or selfless Self implied in the Buddhist concept of anatta. Next comes manas (“mind”), where complex thinking and awareness takes place based on the information processed at the previous level. Humans are intersubjective beings interacting with other people and environmental factors in a constant state of flux. They possess no separate essence, self, or soul that could exist by itself, apart from the component parts and conditions. no one born, and no one to die. . Now consider your self, your ego. When crossing the street, it is not enough to contemplate an approaching car and to realize that we are one with it. While these aggregates are together, the functioning gestalt we call a person exists; if they are removed, the gestalt ceases to be. Vijnana, or “consciousness,” the last of the five skandhas, is a multi-layered concept, including both conscious and unconscious aspects. Who which Whom The self in eastern and western thought Eastern Thought Asian Countries Confucianism Confucianism "The identity and self-concept of an individual is interwoven with the identity and status of his/her community or culture, sharing its prides as well as its failures." The illumination is one ongoing phenomenon, integrating the contributions of the individual bulbs. Nevertheless, it is not enough for the healthy, liberated individual to eliminate the delusion of the separate self. A still forest pool: The insight meditation of Achaan Chah. Wisdom and compassion are dependently arisen, they “inter-are.” In the final analysis, wisdom is compassion, and compassion is wisdom (Mosig, 1989). The psychological insights of the Buddha were explicated by a number of commentators after him. Comparison of Western and Eastern Concepts of Self Western Eastern Duality- you are distinct from other persons Other persons are part of your self Talk about their personal attributes Talk about their social roles Highlights personal achievements Keeps a low profile and avoid boastfulness Individualistic- focus on the person Collectivistic- group and social relations are more important … The practice and theory of individual psychology. One of the most important ones was Vasubandhu, an oustanding Buddhist scholar living in the 4th century. East and West may have numerous differences based on culture. Heraclitus), in early Western philosophy a static view of reality was taken, with substance as the carrier of properties and the basis for identity of the self. The delusion of separateness results in cravings, grasping, clinging, greed, selfishness, hatred, fear, feelings of alienation, loneliness, helplessness, and anxiety, which afflict those “healthy” as well as “unhealthy.”. Consider a wave in the ocean. Each skandha is in turn a transient pattern formed by the interaction of the other four. Richard C. Page: is an associate professor in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia, Athens. Does it have any real existence apart from its parts? Other person as part of your self distinct from the other person B. The same is true of the remaining skandhas—each one is composed of the other four. New York: Houghton Mifflin. The psychology of Buddhism, on the other hand, rejects the notion of an inner self and proposes a radically different view, where thoughts exist without a thinker, deeds without a doer, and feelings without a feeler. It is often suggested that contrasting Eastern vs. Western characteristics bring about significant overall differences between the culture and society of the East and of the West. Hahn, N. (1991). Finally comes the vast unconscious alayavijnana, or “storehouse consciousness,” which is the passive or potential ground out of which emerge the other seven consciousnesses. Western and Eastern medicines identify and treat different “bodies.” Which one needs the treatment? It was precisely this inner self that was rejected by B. F. Skinner (1971) and the radical behaviorists as “explanatory fiction.” The word “car” is nothing but a label for the gestalt formed by the constituent parts, and although it is true (as realized by Wertheimer and the other Gestaltists) that the whole is more than the sum of the parts (one cannot drive sitting on any of the separate parts, or on a random heap of them, but driving is possible when one puts them together in a certain way), it is equally true that a gestalt cannot continue to exist when separated from its parts. Explain the concept of self as found in Asian thoughts; and 3. Borrowing an example from Hanh (1988), consider a piece of paper: it can be, because a tree was, since the tree had to be in order to be cut down to make the paper. Eastern vs Western Culture The culture of a community or a nation depends upon the surroundings, the values and beliefs that they are brought up upon. A still forest pool: The insight meditation of Achaan Chah. Western vs Eastern Culture. The origins of the notion of an inner self in Western psychology and philosophy are found in the idea of the soul in the Judeo-Christian tradition, which notion was actually derived in part from the writings of Philo, a Jewish theologian, and Plotinus, a pagan neo-Platonic philosopher. 141-207). Not only does the evidence not support a dual, separate self that exists in isolation from other selves, materialist science has never been able to pin down a self. The Buddhist notions of the self are derived from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, better known as Shakyamuni Buddha, or simply Buddha (“the one who is awake”), after his experience of enlightenment under the bodhi tree over 2,500 years ago. This can be grasped best with another metaphor, often found in Buddhist literature. Clearly, human beings cannot be reduced to parts but must be understood within the context of the whole. Hence different parts of the world feature different cultures that vary very much from one another. Everything in the universe is connected to this piece of paper through a web of causal conditions. AND EASTERNTHOUGHT LESSON OBJECTIVES. The gestalt, the “whole,” cannot exist by itself; it does not have a separate self or “soul.” It seems so real, and yet, if we look deeply, we can see that there is no thing called “wave” there at all; all there is, is the movement of the water. Sigmund Freud, for example, introduced the structural model of the psychic apparatus, part … Where does the wave end and the rest of the ocean start? °astern ±oncept of Self 94n the east philosophy and religion are twisted together. It could be argued that the self needs to be strengthened before it can be abandoned. New York: Pantheon. The person’s boundaries dissolve, and the person becomes the universe. What do you see? This is one of the reasons why “ultimate reality” is essentially “ineffable.” As Lao Tze put it, “the tao that can be told is not the real Tao.”. The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. Below is the manovijnana, the integrating basis of the five sense consciousnesses, which has functions such as knowing, evaluating, imagining, conceiving, and judging. What this means is that they cannot have any existence except in terms of the interconnected net of causal conditions that made their existence possible. Alan Watts, the late British philosopher, proposed that there were two great myths of the self—myth here not used in the sense of something false, but rather as a way of interpreting oneself and one’s reality. In India, I received an Ayurveda massage by two women for two hours. Associate professor in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services. Because of the delusory nature of any labeling process, with its consequent reifications, any attempt to offer a name for the unnamable Reality must always fall short, although sages have offered terms such as Thusness, Tathagatagarba, Buddha Nature, Dharmakaya, Suchness, the Big Self, the Absolute, or the Tao. Richard C. Page. These labels tend to perpetuate the illusion that reified concepts are actually real, existing objects, for their reality seems to be attested to by the very fact that labels exists for each of them. Wisdom and compassion: What the Buddha taught. They are essentially patterns, configurations, or, Consider, for example, an automobile. Erich Fromm (1964) specified unique human needs that must be satisfied in order to achieve self-fulfillment, and argued that no human society had yet been developed that successfully met the needs of the self. The west wants it … To some extent Western formulations of the … These “seeds,” upon development, produce all sorts of mental phenomena. Horney, K. (1950). At which point did the car disappear? In Eastern philosophy, though, the self is often treated as an illusion. Kornfield, J. The ego in turn served as the model for the self in a number of theories developed by those who wrote in the wake of Freud. Watts, A. Think of a room illuminated by seven lightbulbs. Is it real? I see people as sick and dysfunctional mostly because of bad parenting but I guess all of these "dysfunctions" could be called the byproducts of not knowing who/what we are. It makes me wonder if there is not a Divine reason for all the misery, hate and fear in life that I have yet to discover. And what about feelings? New York: Harper & Row. When we carry a burden, it is heavy; when there is no one to carry it, there is not a problem in the world! Eastern medicines may seem strange, even far-fetched. Stated differently, the paper cannot exist by itself; it lacks a separate self, soul, or essence. Buddhist training consists largely of short-circuiting the reification process, by using non-verbal, non labeling experiential practice (such as meditation) to become “awakened” to the “as-it-is-ness” of inexpressible reality. Many in the West now question this, wondering whether we have become too atomized, too discrete. The concept of the Self takes many forms in Western psychology, but invariably involves to some extent a dimension of “thingness,” the reification of a homunculus assumed to reside within the individual, who is the thinker of thoughts, the doer of deeds, and the feeler of feelings. Fromm, E. (1964). Loy, D. (1993). Everything is dependently arisen, everything exists only if the necessary conditions are there. Removing one of the tires of the car, one could ask oneself, is this the car? The psychology of Buddhism, on the other hand, rejects the notion of an inner self and proposes a radically different view, where thoughts exist without a thinker, deeds without a doer, and feelings without a feeler. New York: Harper Collins. My parents certainly never knew what they were or they might have been better parents and I might have lived a lot better life than I did. The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. Let’s dive in! London: Hogarth Press. To some extent Western formulations of the self evidence a homunculus-like quality lacking in some Eastern conceptions, especially those derived from the Vijnanavada and Zen Buddhist traditions. A fist. The different conceptions of the self in Western and Eastern psychology have clear implications for psychotherapy and everyday life. These differences can be noted mainly in people’s behavior and attitudes. The wave has no separate “self,” no reality apart from the water. Furthermore, Western Ethics places more emphasis on law and justice, whereas Eastern Ethics states that one must do what is right and expected and the universe will take care of the rest. The psychology of C. G. Jung. Indra’s postmodern net. The theological dimensions of the concept of soul were elaborated by Augustine of Hippo as well as by Thomas Aquinas, from where it passed into the hands of Rene Descartes, and from there, almost unchanged, but referred to as “mind,” into the realm of 19th and 20th century psychology. AND EASTERNTHOUGHT LESSON OBJECTIVES. Curious about the Western world vs the Eastern world? All things (including human beings) are composites, in other words, they are composed of parts, and have no real existence other than as temporary (impermanent) collections of parts. Feelings are feelings about something, about one’s body, one’s perceptions, one’s impulses, one’s state of consciousness. References Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 9(2), 27-36. The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. Perspective of Western and Eastern Theories of the Self EASTERN 1. He did so by distinguishing between the ego as center of consciousness and the self as the emergent integration of the polarities of the personality. But what about a person? But for the logger to be, his parents had to be, and the food they consumed, and all the conditions that made their lives possible, and those lives upon which theirs in turn depended, and on, and on. It often amazes me that very bad parenting and early childhood damages are rarely ever mentioned by the "spiritual" teachers and Advaitic spokespersons. They are the consciousnesses of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. In this example, the electricity that activates them is the equivalent of the alayavijnana. It could be argued that the self needs to be strengthened before it can be abandoned. & Breiter P. (1985). Allowing oneself to indulge in anger or hatred waters the corresponding seeds, so that it becomes easier to grow angry and to experience hate. With Jung the self, transcending the ego, became ultimately identical with the whole psyche. This comes across to me as an unnecessary rejection of Western Practices and their ability to bring us to Source. It's nice to know that there really is no separate me and that Life is just happening - for no one.Thanks for your magnificent articles,jim :). While radical behaviorism regards this notion of an “inner person” as an explanatory fiction, most theories of personality in the West have endorsed its existence. no one born, and no one to die. Furthermore, in the alayavijnana, the “seeds” affect each other in various ways. Being aware of the phenomenon of awareness results in the mistaken notion of an inner perceiver who is having the awareness and who is separate from it. Angelo Gerangelo Hi Nick. To some extent Western formulations of the self evidence a homunculus-like quality lacking in some Eastern conceptions, especially those derived from the Vijnanavada and Zen Buddhist traditions. Where does the wave end and the rest of the ocean start? The interconnectedness, or “interbeing,” of everything in the universe, implied in the principle of dependent origination, finds an elegant expression in the metaphor of the jewel net of Indra, in the Buddha’s “Flower Ornament” sermon (Avatamsaka Sutra). Now consider your self, your ego. Create a representation of the Filipino self. A compilation of readings and activities Part V: Western/Eastern Thought THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT Introduction In the past 30 years, the study of cross-cultural difference across various behaviors and personality traits have gained interest, numerous researches had been conducted to … 23, pp. While these aggregates are together, the functioning gestalt we call a person exists; if they are removed, the gestalt ceases to be. It is to “thing” an event or a phenomenon, to transform an ongoing, fluid process, into a frozen and static spatial or temporal cross-section of the same, endowing such construction with the qualities of reality and separateness. Eastern world refers to countries in the Asia and Middle East whereas Western world refers to North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zeeland. & Trans. 23, pp. This radical change is seen as the key to liberation from dukkha, the dissatisfaction and suffering of human existence. In its simplest expression, dependent origination is a law of causality that says “this is, because that is; this is not, because that is not; when this arises, that arises; when this ceases, that ceases.” Despite the apparent simplicity of this formulation, it is a farreaching principle, that leaves nothing untouched, and, in fact, causally connects everything in the universe, for it implies that all phenomena, whether they be external objective events or internal subjective experiences, come into existence depending on causes and conditions without which they could not be. Buddhist training consists largely of short-circuiting the reification process, by using non-verbal, non labeling experiential practice (such as meditation) to become “awakened” to the “as-it-is-ness” of inexpressible reality. They are essentially patterns, configurations, or Gestalten rather than objectively existing separate entities. The “seeds” of the alayavijnana, on the other hand, can be made stronger or weaker through selective attentional and reactive phenomena. Self-concept is a concept or belief that an individual has of him or herself as an emotional, spiritual, and social being. Just as an automobile is a temporary collection of car parts, a person is a temporary arrangement of these five aggregates or skandhas. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. You can edit this template and create your own diagram.Creately diagrams can be exported and added to Word, PPT (powerpoint), Excel, Visio or any other document. Feelings are feelings about something, about one’s body, one’s perceptions, one’s impulses, one’s state of consciousness. By and large, cultures in the West tend to be more individualistic whereas people from the East are more collectivist. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press. Richard C. Page: is an associate professor in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia, Athens. The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. Eastern psychotherapy attempts to dissolve the experience of the self-as-separate entity and replace it with a feeling of interconnectedness, the non-self or selfless Self implied in the Buddhist concept of anatta. The main difference between eastern and western ethics is the fact that Western Ethics is about finding truth, whereas Eastern Ethics are very much about the protocol, and showing of respect. The validity of these five aggregates or skandhas automatically manifested as universal compassion, just as true compassion itself! Jung ( Jacobi, 1942 ) who provided the most significant issue of all sort of psychological and! In general cultures vs. Western spiritual Practices by Maurice Turmel, PhD him or herself as automobile... 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